Human exposure to mycotoxins is common and often severe in underregulated maize-based food systems.This study explored how monitoring of these systems could help to identify when and where outbreaks occur and inform potential mitigation efforts.Within a maize smallholder system in Kongwa District, Tanzania, we performed two food surveys of mycotoxin contamination at local grain mills, documenting high levels of aflatoxins and fumonisins Whole-Body EMS Superimposed Walking and Nordic Walking on a Treadmill—Determination of Exercise Intensity to Conventional Exercise in maize destined for human consumption.A farmer questionnaire documented diverse pre-harvest and post-harvest practices among smallholder farmers.We modeled maize aflatoxins and fumonisins as a function of diverse indicators of mycotoxin risk based on survey data, high-resolution geospatial environmental data (normalized difference vegetation index and soil quality), and proximal near-infrared spectroscopy.
Interestingly, mixed linear models revealed that all data types explained Understanding and Assessing Climate Change Risk to Green Infrastructure: Experiences from Greater Manchester (UK) some portion of variance in aflatoxin and fumonisin concentrations.Including all covariates, 2015 models explained 27.6% and 20.6% of variation in aflatoxin and fumonisin, and 2019 models explained 39.4% and 40.
0% of variation in aflatoxin and fumonisin.This study demonstrates the value of using low-cost risk factors to model mycotoxins and provides a framework for designing and implementing mycotoxin monitoring within smallholder settings.